二、综合题。

1.阅读判断

Fermi Problem
On a Monday morning in July, the world's first atom bomb exploded in the New Mexico desert. Forty seconds later, the shock waves reached the base camp where the Italian-American physicist Enrico Fermi and his team stood, after a mental calculation, Fermi announced to his team that the bomb's energy had equated 10,000 tons of TNT. The bomb team was impressed, but not surprised. Fermi's genius was known throughout the scientific world. In 1938 he had won a Nobel Prize. Four years later he produced the first nuclear chain reaction（核链式反应）, leading us into the nuclear age. Since Fermi's death in 1954, no physicist has been at once a master experimentalist and a leading theoretician.
Like all virtuosos（艺术品鉴赏家）, Fermi had a distinctive style. He preferred the most direct route to an answer. He was very good at dividing difficult problems into small, manageable bits — talent we all can use in our daily lives.
To develop this talent in his students, Fermi would suggest a type of question now known as a Fermi problem. Upon first hearing one of these, you haven't the remotest notion of the answer, and you feel certain that too little information had been given to solve it. Yet when the problem is broken into sub-problems, each answerable without the help of experts or books, you can come close to the exact solution.
Suppose you want to determine Earth's circumference（圆周长） without looking it up. Everyone knows that New York and Los Angeles are about 3000 miles apart and that the time difference between them is three hours. Three hours if one-eighth of a day, and a day is the time it takes the planet to complete one rotation（公转）, so its circumference must be eight times 3000 or 24000 miles. This answer differs from the true value, 24,902.45 miles, by less than four percent.
Ultimately the value of dealing with everyday problems the way Fermi did lies in the rewards of making independent discoveries and inventions. It doesn't matter whether the discovery is as important as determining the power of an atom or as small as measuring the distance between New York and Los Angeles. Looking up the answer, or letting someone else find it, deprives you of the pleasure and pride that accompany creativity, and deprives you of an experience that builds up self-confidence. Thus, approaching personal dilemmas（困境） as Fermi problems can become a habit that enriches you life.
16. Fermi's team was impressed by Fermi's announcement in the base camp because he could even work out the power of the atom bomb in his mind.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
17. Fermi, an experimentalist as well as a theoretician, won a Nobel Prize for producing the first nuclear chain reaction in the world.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
18. Dividing a big problem into small problems is a talent Fermi had and a talent that has practical value in life.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
19. Fermi problem is to develop the talent of breaking a seemingly unanswerable problem into sub-problems and finding the solution to it, which is a typical Fermi problem.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
20. Then the fourth paragraph tells us how Fermi solved the problem of earth's circumference without looking up.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
21. The last paragraph concludes the whole writing by stressing the value of important inventions and small discoveries.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
22. Fermi was famous for inventing a device to calculate bomb's energy accurately.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned

2.概括大意与完成句子

Blasts from the past
1 Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history. Not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out 1ife with greater ease.
2 Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do.
3 Wignall calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.
4 The Permian extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming that followed wiped out 80 per cent of all marine genera at the time. And it took 5 million years for the planet to recover.
5 Yet 60 million years ago in the late Palaeocene there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years, "The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous, 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid.
6 Wignall thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2. Ocean chemistry may also have played a role．As the supercontinents broke up and exposed more coastline there may have been more weathering of silica rocks. This would have encouraged the growth of phytoplankton in the oceans, increasing me amount of CO2 absorbed from the atmosphere.
7 Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignalls idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years.
8 Courtillot also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much 1ava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that 1ava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide emissions.
23．Paragraph 2 _____________
24．Paragraph 3 _____________
25．Paragraph 4 _____________
26．Paragraph 5 _____________
A Killing Power of Ancient Volcanic Eruptions
B Association of Mass Extinctions with Volcanic Eruptions
C Calculation of the Killing Power of Older Eruptions
D A Mass Extinction
E Volcanic Eruptions That Caused no Mass Extinction
F Accounting for the Killing Power of Older Eruptions
27．Older eruptions were more devastating _____________.
28．The Permian extinction is used to illustrate __________.
29．The cause of the extinction of dinosaurs ____________.
30．Courtillot rejects _______________________________.
A than more recent ones
B the killing efficiency for older eruptions
C has remained controversial
D Wignalls calculations as acceptable
E has been known to us all
F his ideas